Undeterred by a wave of casualties, Syrian rebels say they will not back down in their quest to seize Aleppo, the country’s commercial hub and its second-largest city.

After six days of fighting, the seesaw battle with government forces raged again Thursday as helicopter gunships flew over the city, the opposition Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said. At least one rebel fighter was killed, the group said.

The seat of President Bashar al-Assad’s power also saw renewed violence Thursday as explosions rocked Damascus, another opposition group said.

Regime forces battled rebels in several Damascus neighborhoods, and the Palestinian refugee camp of Yarmouk came under “fierce helicopter shelling with machine guns,” the Local Coordination Committees of Syria said.

The LCC reported dozens of dead and wounded in shelling by regime forces in the capital city’s suburb of Yalda, and in bomb attacks in the Mashtal district of Damascus.

The death toll for Thursday reached 120 across Syria, including a number of children, women and defectors, the LCC said. Thirty-three were from Damascus and its suburbs; 27 from Daraa; 20 from Aleppo; 17 from Idlib; 10 from Homs; 6 from Hama; 5 from Deir Ezzor; and one each from Qunaitera and Raqqa, it said.

Some of those killed in the Al-A’ajamy Valley were defected soldiers seeking “to save civilians fleeing from shelling,” the group said.

On Wednesday, opposition fighters burned a police station and captured pro-regime forces, rebels said.

Rebel militias are composed largely of soldiers who have defected from the Syrian military. But there are also many civilians — including students, shopkeepers, real-estate agents and even members of the president’s ruling Ba’ath party — all trying to end four decades of al-Assad family rule.

A Sunni cleric in the village of Injara, about six miles west of Aleppo, showed CNN craters and gaping holes in at least six homes, the result of what he and other residents said were rockets and artillery from a Syrian army base a couple of miles away.

“They hit us every night,” Sheikh Ali Bukhro said.

Other residents said they had had neither electricity nor running water in more than a month. Some men said they had sent their families to refugee camps in Turkey, where more than 40,000 Syrian refugees have taken shelter.

In Washington, State Department spokeswoman Victoria Nuland said U.S. officials had “grave concerns” about the situation in and around Aleppo and Damascus.

“This is the concern: That we will see a massacre in Aleppo — and that’s what the regime appears to be lining up for,” she told reporters.

Given that China and Russia have vetoed attempts by the Security Council to act, “we have to double our efforts with like-minded nations outside of the U.N. system,” she said.

“This is a horrific situation, this is abhorrent what this regime is willing to do against its own people. We have to call it out, we have to do what we can to strengthen the opposition for the day after. We have to do what we can in coordination with others in the international community.”

The British ambassador to the United Nations said reports of warplanes over Aleppo were especially concerning.

“The reports now of attacks by regime fighter jets in Aleppo mark yet a further dangerous escalation and underlines that there are no boundaries that the Assad regime will not cross in the misguided hope that it can resist the will of its people and hang on to power,” British Ambassador Mark Lyall Grant told the U.N. Security Council on Wednesday.

Thursday’s front page of Syria’s pro-regime newspaper al Watan carried the headline “Aleppo… the Mother of all Battles.”

On Wednesday, at least 129 were killed, including 22 in Aleppo and 27 in and around Damascus, the LCC said.

As the violence spirals, many civilians have become internally displaced or fled over the border and fears of sectarian conflict have grown.

Asked Thursday if Ankara was considering establishing safe zones in northern Syria to counter any threat to Turkey’s security from the Kurdistan Workers’ Party, or PKK, Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan was noncommittal but said officials were discussing their options.

“It is out of question that we would allow a terrorist organization to be based in northern Syria and become a threat to our country,” he said in televised remarks.

“All of these are among alternatives — safe zone, buffer zone or camps such as the ones we have now — all of these are among alternatives,” he said. “Our Foreign Ministry, armed forces, intelligence organizations are working on this, and decisions or steps that will need to be taken will be taken when the time comes.”

Turkey and the United States consider the PKK a terrorist group.

Speaking Thursday at a memorial to those who died in the Srebrenica massacre in the Balkans in the 1990s, U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon urged the Syrian government and the opposition forces to cooperate with the United Nations in ending the conflict.

The U.N observer mission in Syria has been unable to do its job “because of the noncompliance of the parties — the government parties and also opposition forces,” he said.

The six-point peace plan brokered by U.N. and Arab League joint special envoy to Syria Kofi Annan and U.N. Security Council resolutions must also be implemented “without further delay,” he said.

“At this time again I am urging all the parties: They must stop fighting and killing people now. They have to begin political dialogue for a political resolution of this crisis,” Ban said.

After 16 months of chaos, more officials from al-Assad’s regime have resigned.

The opposition Syrian National Council said Wednesday that two senior Syrian diplomats were the latest to defect.

One was the Syrian ambassador to the United Arab Emirates, Abdullatif Al Dabbagh, SNC spokesman George Sabra said.

The second is Al Dabbagh’s wife, Lamia Al Harriri, who was a Syrian envoy to Cyprus. She defected to Qatar, SNC member Najy Tayyarah said. Al Harriri is also the niece of Syrian Vice President Farouq Al Sharea.

But on Thursday, a Syrian official downplayed the reports of recent defections.

Syrian Foreign Ministry spokesman Jihad Makdissi said Dabbagh “was called to Damascus for consultations with the minister and has been off duty … since June 4.”

In addition, Makdissi said, Al Harriri has never been a Syrian ambassador. “She is a diplomat who was tasked with managing affairs on behalf of the embassy charge d’affaires pending the appointment of an ambassador.”

The Syrian crisis started in March 2011, when a government crackdown on peaceful protesters morphed into a nationwide uprising against the regime.

The LCC says more than 16,000 people have been killed in the conflict. The U.N. secretary-general said this week that almost 17,000 people have died.

The United Nations refugee agency says it has registered more than 120,000 refugees in neighboring Turkey, Jordan, Lebanon and Iraq.

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